> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://mintlify.com/ultrafunkamsterdam/nodriver/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.
# Form filling and submission
> Automate form interactions including text inputs, dropdowns, file uploads, and submissions
This example demonstrates how to automate complex forms, including handling dynamic fields, dropdowns, and file uploads using a real Twitter account creation flow.
## Complete example
Here's a complete example that automates Twitter account creation:
```python theme={null}
import asyncio
import random
import string
import nodriver as uc
months = [
"january", "february", "march", "april", "may", "june",
"july", "august", "september", "october", "november", "december"
]
async def main():
driver = await uc.start()
tab = await driver.get("https://twitter.com")
# Find and click create account button
print('finding the "create account" button')
create_account = await tab.find("create account", best_match=True)
print('"create account" => click')
await create_account.click()
print("finding the email input field")
email = await tab.select("input[type=email]")
# Handle dynamic form - sometimes phone is shown instead
if not email:
use_mail_instead = await tab.find("use email instead")
await use_mail_instead.click()
email = await tab.select("input[type=email]")
# Generate random email
randstr = lambda k: "".join(random.choices(string.ascii_letters, k=k))
print('filling in the "email" input field')
await email.send_keys("".join([randstr(8), "@", randstr(8), ".com"]))
# Fill in name field
print("finding the name input field")
name = await tab.select("input[type=text]")
print('filling in the "name" input field')
await name.send_keys(randstr(8))
# Handle multiple select fields using unpacking
print('finding the "month", "day" and "year" fields in 1 go')
sel_month, sel_day, sel_year = await tab.select_all("select")
print('filling in the "month" input field')
await sel_month.send_keys(months[random.randint(0, 11)].title())
print('filling in the "day" input field')
await sel_day.send_keys(str(random.randint(1, 28)))
print('filling in the "year" input field')
await sel_year.send_keys(str(random.randint(1980, 2005)))
await tab
# Handle cookie consent
cookie_bar_accept = await tab.find("accept all", best_match=True)
if cookie_bar_accept:
await cookie_bar_accept.click()
await tab.sleep(1)
# Click next button
next_btn = await tab.find(text="next", best_match=True)
await next_btn.mouse_click()
print("sleeping 2 seconds")
await tab.sleep(2)
print('finding "next" button')
next_btn = await tab.find(text="next", best_match=True)
print('clicking "next" button')
await next_btn.mouse_click()
# Wait for button to appear
await tab.select("[role=button]")
print('finding "sign up" button')
sign_up_btn = await tab.find("Sign up", best_match=True)
print('clicking "sign up" button')
await sign_up_btn.click()
print('the rest of the "implementation" is out of scope')
await tab.sleep(10)
driver.stop()
if __name__ == "__main__":
uc.loop().run_until_complete(main())
```
## Step-by-step breakdown
Forms often change based on user input or location. Handle this gracefully:
```python theme={null}
email = await tab.select("input[type=email]")
# Check if element exists
if not email:
# Click to show email field instead of phone
use_mail_instead = await tab.find("use email instead")
await use_mail_instead.click()
email = await tab.select("input[type=email]")
```
Send text to input fields using `send_keys()`:
```python theme={null}
await email.send_keys("user@example.com")
await name.send_keys("John Doe")
```
Select options from dropdown menus:
```python theme={null}
# Get all select elements
sel_month, sel_day, sel_year = await tab.select_all("select")
# Send the option text
await sel_month.send_keys("January")
await sel_day.send_keys("15")
await sel_year.send_keys("1990")
```
Find and click the submit button:
```python theme={null}
# Use best_match to find the right button
submit_btn = await tab.find("Sign up", best_match=True)
await submit_btn.click()
```
## File upload example
Here's how to upload files to a form (from the Imgur example):
```python theme={null}
from pathlib import Path
import nodriver as uc
async def main():
browser = await uc.start()
tab = await browser.get("https://imgur.com")
# Create a screenshot to upload
save_path = Path("screenshot.jpg").resolve()
temp_tab = await browser.get(
"https://github.com/ultrafunkamsterdam/undetected-chromedriver",
new_tab=True
)
await temp_tab
await temp_tab.save_screenshot(save_path)
await temp_tab.close()
# Accept cookies
consent = await tab.find("Consent", best_match=True)
await consent.click()
# Click new post
await (await tab.find("new post", best_match=True)).click()
# Upload file
file_input = await tab.select("input[type=file]")
await file_input.send_file(save_path)
# Wait for upload to complete
DELAY = 2
await tab.wait(DELAY)
# Wait for success toast
await tab.select(".Toast-message--check")
# Fill in title
title_field = await tab.find("give your post a unique title", best_match=True)
await title_field.send_keys("undetected nodriver")
# Get the share link
grab_link = await tab.find("grab a link", best_match=True)
await grab_link.click()
await tab.wait(DELAY)
# Extract the uploaded URL
input_thing = await tab.select("input[value^=https]")
my_link = input_thing.attrs.value
print(my_link)
await tab
if __name__ == "__main__":
uc.loop().run_until_complete(main())
```
## Key techniques
### Working with multiple fields
Use unpacking to assign multiple elements at once:
```python theme={null}
# Get all select elements
month, day, year = await tab.select_all("select")
# Or all inputs
inputs = await tab.select_all("input[type=text]")
first_name, last_name, email = inputs
```
### Handling conditional elements
```python theme={null}
# Check if element exists before using
phone_field = await tab.select("input[type=tel]")
if phone_field:
await phone_field.send_keys("555-1234")
else:
# Handle alternative flow
pass
```
### Waiting for form updates
```python Wait for specific element theme={null}
# Wait for element to appear after form submission
confirmation = await tab.select(".success-message")
```
```python Wait with timeout theme={null}
# Wait for page to update
await tab.sleep(2)
# Or let the page "breathe"
await tab
```
When dealing with JavaScript-heavy sites, use `await tab.wait(seconds)` or `await tab` to give the page time to render dynamic content.
## Advanced patterns
### Finding elements by placeholder
When text is in a placeholder attribute rather than a text node:
```python theme={null}
# This works for placeholder attributes
title_field = await tab.find("give your post a unique title", best_match=True)
await title_field.send_keys("My Title")
```
### Using CSS attribute selectors
```python theme={null}
# Select by attribute value
email = await tab.select("input[type=email]")
# Select by attribute starts with
link_input = await tab.select("input[value^=https]")
# Select by role
button = await tab.select("[role=button]")
```
File uploads take time to process. Always wait for confirmation (like a toast message or progress indicator) before continuing.